Sudan Virus in Uganda: How It Spreads and Its Similarities to Ebola

The Ugandan government and the World Health Organization (WHO) have confirmed a new outbreak of Sudan virus disease. The first reported case is believed to be a 32-year-old male nurse from a hospital in Kampala, Uganda’s capital.

Health officials identified two primary clusters linked to the outbreak—one involving the patient’s family and another within the hospital. As of February 11, the index case remains the only recorded death, while nine confirmed cases have been reported, including the patient’s wife.

Sudan virus outbreaks are relatively rare, with this being the ninth recorded since the virus was first identified in 1976 in southern Sudan. A previous outbreak in Uganda in 2022 resulted in 164 cases and 77 fatalities, reflecting a 47% fatality rate. Currently, there are no approved treatments or vaccines for Sudan virus disease.

The virus shares similarities with Ebola, as both belong to the orthoebolavirus family. However, differences in their genetic makeup mean that existing Ebola vaccines are unlikely to be effective against Sudan virus. In response, efforts are underway to test vaccine candidates and develop monoclonal antibody treatments aimed at preventing viral replication. A phase 1 vaccine trial is currently in progress.

Symptoms of Sudan virus disease resemble those of Ebola, including fever, muscle pain, fatigue, diarrhea, vomiting, and unexplained bleeding. Laboratory testing is required to distinguish between the two diseases, but immediate isolation remains crucial to preventing further spread. Supportive treatment, such as fluid replacement and symptom management, has been shown to improve survival rates.

The 2022 Sudan virus outbreak in Uganda highlighted gaps in infection prevention and control, with many initial cases linked to private health facilities lacking proper containment measures. Once confirmed, symptomatic contacts were referred to specialized units for testing and care, helping to contain the outbreak, which was declared over by November 2022.

Experts warn that climate change may influence the spread of emerging infectious diseases, including Sudan virus, Ebola, and mosquito-borne illnesses like malaria and dengue. The increasing global reach of these infections underscores the need for international cooperation in managing health threats. However, inconsistent responses from key stakeholders could challenge efforts to control outbreaks and mitigate future risks.